Britomartis, Deified by Artemis: Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.30.3

Britomartis, Deified by Artemis

Name:  Pausanias Date:        110 – 180 CE Region:    Lydia [modern Turkey] Citation:      Description of Greece 2.30.3

Zeus’ daughter Carme and Eubulus was named Britomartis. She enjoyed hunting and running, and was especially dear to Artemis. While fleeing Minos’ romantic advances, she threw herself into [the sea, right into] a fishing net.  Artemis made her a god. She is worshipped not only by the Cretans, but also by the Aeginians, who say that Britomartis walks among them on their island. The Aeginians call her Aphaea, but among the Cretans, her name is Dictynna.

ἐν Αἰγίνῃ δὲ πρὸς τὸ ὄρος τοῦ Πανελληνίου Διὸς ἰοῦσιν, ἔστιν Ἀφαίας ἱερόν, ἐς ἣν καὶ Πίνδαρος ᾆσμα Αἰγινήταις ἐποίησε. φασὶ δὲ οἱ Κρῆτες— τούτοις γάρ ἐστι τὰ ἐς αὐτὴν ἐπιχώρια—Καρμάνορος τοῦ καθήραντος Ἀπόλλωνα ἐπὶ φόνῳ τῶ Πύθωνος παῖδα Εὔβουλον εἶναι, Διὸς δὲ καὶ Κάρμης τῆς Εὐβούλου Βριτόμαρτιν γενέσθαι: χαίρειν δὲ αὐτὴν δρόμοις τε καὶ θήραις καὶ Ἀρτέμιδι μάλιστα φίλην εἶναι: Μίνω δὲ ἐρασθέντα φεύγουσα ἔρριψεν ἑαυτὴν ἐς δίκτυα ἀφειμένα ἐπ᾽ ἰχθύων θήρᾳ. ταύτην μὲν θεὸν ἐποίησεν Ἄρτεμις, σέβουσι δὲ οὐ Κρῆτες μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ Αἰγινῆται, λέγοντες φαίνεσθαί σφισιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τὴν Βριτόμαρτιν. ἐπίκλησις δέ οἱ παρά τε Αἰγινήταις ἐστὶν Ἀφαία καὶ Δίκτυννα ἐν Κρήτῃ.

Jove & Carme Eubuli filia Britomartin genitam: quae quum se totam in currendi venandique studia tradidisset, fuisse eam Dianae multo carissimam. Verum quum Minoem prae amorem insequentem fugeret, ac se in mare abiecisset, in retia, quae ad pisces capiendos in mare missa fuerant, incidisse: a Diana in deorum numerum relatam. Colunt eam non soli Cretenses,sed ipse etiam Aeginetae, quod in insula visam Britomartin autumant. Et eadem sane Aegenetis Aphaea est, quae apud Cretenses Dictynna.  Translated into Latin by Romulus Amaseus

Pausanias [110 -180 CE, modern Turkey] was a Greek writer from Lydia who lived during the era of the “Five Good Emperors.” His work, the Description of Greece, is an important source for geographical, historical, archaeological, and cultural information about ancient Greece.

Camilla, Warrior Woman in Battle! Vergil, Aeneid , 11.648 - 663

Camilla in Battle

Name:  Vergil Date:  70 – 19 BCE Region:  Mantua [modern northern Italy] Citation:  Aeneid 11.648 – 663

The Amazon Camilla was reveling in the midst of battle

With half her chest bare and a quiver on her back.

First, she’s rapid-firing spears by hand.

Next, she’s deftly wielding her battle-ax

With boundless energy.

Her golden bow, the weapon of Diana,

Twanged from her shoulder.

And now, attacked from behind,

Even while in retreat, Camilla kept firing her arrows.

Surrounded by her elite companions,

The maiden Larina, Tulla, and bronze-ax wielding Tarpeia,

Italian-born women whom divine Camilla

Chose for herself to be her honor-guard,

Were excellent companions in peace and war.

These women fought the way that Amazons

Wearing their multi-color armor

On the banks of the Thermodon River fought,

Battling alongside Hippolyte

Or accompanying Penthesilea’s chariot

As she returned from battle

With a great war-cry

They reveled, an army of women,

Lifting their half-moon shaped shields.

 

 

Camilla in Battle

At medias inter caedes exsultat Amazon
unum exserta latus pugnae, pharetrata Camilla,
et nunc lenta manu spargens hastilia denset,
nunc validam dextra rapit indefessa bipennem;

aureus ex umero sonat arcus et arma Dianae.

illa etiam, si quando in tergum pulsa recessit,

spicula converso fugientia derigit arcu.

At circum lectae comites, Larinaque virgo    

Tullaque et aeratam quatiens Tarpeia securim,

Italides, quas ipsa decus sibi dia Camilla

delegit pacisque bonas bellique ministras:

quales Threiciae cum flumina Thermodontis

pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazones armis, 

seu circum Hippolyten seu cum se Martia curru

Penthesilea refert, magnoque ululante tumultu

feminea exsultant lunatis agmina peltis.

Vergil, also known as Virgil, [Publius Vergilius Maro; 70 – 19 BCE, modern Italy] was born in Mantua, Cisalpine Gaul, and lived during the tumultuous transition of Roman government from republic to monarchy. His writing talent earned him a place of honor among Maecenas’ fellow authors under Augustan rule. He was friends with numerous famous authors of the time period, including Horace and Asinius Pollio. His former slave Alexander was the most influential romantic partner in his life, and the poet memorialized his love for him under the pseudonym “Alexis” in Eclogue 2. His masterpiece, the Aeneid, tells the story of Aeneas’ migration from Troy to Italy; it was used for centuries as the pinnacle of Roman literature.

The Transformation of Iphis

A 16th Century Retelling of the Transformation of Iphis

Name: Johannes Posthius Date:   1537 – 1597 CE Region: [modern Germany] Citation:  Poems Inspired by Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book 9

Iphis, your father Lygdus betrothed you to Ianthe,

Not knowing that you didn’t have a man’s body.

But Isis came to the rescue:

For your mother Telethusa watched in wonder

As her Iphis entered the temple a girl

And left it as a boy.  

A 16th Century Retelling of the Transformation of Iphis

Iphi tibi Lygdus genitor despondet Ianthen,

Sed nihil heu tete nescit habere viri.

Adfert Isis opem, nam quae modo templa subibas

femina, te puerum mater abire videt.

Johannes Posthius [1537 – 1597 CE, modern Germany] was a famous German poet and scholar.

W/W: Remember Me, Delicate Rose: A Medieval Love Poem

Remember Me, Delicate Rose: A Medieval Nun to Her Girlfriend

Name:    Unknown Date:     12th Century CE Region:  [western Europe] Citation:   MGH Volume 8: Liebesbriefe 8 [1]

To her unique rose G,

From A, the bond of precious love.

How can I be strong enough

To endure your leaving?

Isn’t my strength the strength of stone

To wait for your return?

Night and day, I can’t stop grieving

When you’re gone, it feels like I’ve lost a hand and a foot.

When you’re gone, everything that is pleasant and delightful

Is like mud under my foot.

I turn to weeping instead of joy;

My heart is never happy.

When I recall the kisses you’ve given me,

And how you restored my heart with your happy words,

I’d rather die

Than not see you again.

What will wretched ol’ me do?

Where will poor li’l ol’ me turn?

If only my body were laid to earth

Until your longed-for return occurs,

Or if I could make a trip like Habakkuk

To go where you are.

To see the face of my lover—just once!—

I’d be content to die right then and there.

For no other woman was born in the universe

Who is so lovely and pleasant,

Without any fake or feigned aspects,

Who loves me with such deep intimacy.

 So I’ll never stop grieving

Until I’m worthy of seeing you again.

According to a certain Wise One,

Mankind’s great Sorrow is to be kept from

The one person you cannot live without.

As long as the world still stands

You will never be taken from the bottom of my heart.

Why do I delay any further?

Return,  sweet love!

Don’t put off your travels any longer,

Remember that I cannot endure your absence any longer.

Goodbye.

Remember me.

[1] Piechl,Helmut and Bergmann, Werner. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Vol. 8: Die Tegernseer Briefsammlung des 12. Jahrhunderts, p. 356. 

Remember Me, Delicate Rose: A Medieval Nun to her Girlfriend

G unicae suae rosae

A vinculum dilectionis preciosae.

Quae est fortitudo mea, ut sustineam,

ut in tuo discessu patientiam habeam?

Numquid fortitudo mea fortitudo est lapidum,

ut tuum exspectem reditum?

Quae nocte et die non cesso dolere,

velut qui caret manu et pede.

Omne quod iucundum est et delectabile

absque te habetur ut lutum pedum calcabile.

Pro gaudere duco fletus

numquam animus meus apparet laetus.Dum recordor quae dedisti oscula,

et quam iucundis verbis refrigerasti pectuscula,

mori libet

quod te videre non licet.

Quid faciam miserrima?

Quo me vertam pauperrima?

O si corpus meum terrae fuisset creditum

usque ad optatum tuum reditum,

aut si translatio mihi concederetur Abaccuc

ut semel venissem illuc,

ut vultum amantis inspexissem,

et tunc non curarem si ipsa hora mortua fuissem!

Nam in mundo non est nata

quae tam amabilis sit et grata,

et quae sine simulatione

tam intima me diligat dilectione.

Unde sine fine non cesso dolere

donec te merear videre.

Revera iuxta quendam sapientem magna miseria est hominis,

cum illo non esse

sine quo non potest esse.

Dum constat orbis

numquam deleberis de medio mei cordis.

Quid multis moror?

Redi, dulcis amor!

Noli iter tuum longius differe,

scias me absentiam tuam diutius non posse suffere.

Vale,

meique memorare.     

W/W: Sweeter Than Honey: A Medieval Love Letter

 

Sweeter Than Honey: A Medieval Nun to Her Girlfriend

Name:    Unknown Date:     prior to 1179 / 1186 CE Region:  [western Europe] Citation:      MGH Volume 8: Liebesbriefe 7 [1]

To C, beyond sweeter than honey and honeycomb

From B, whatever love means to a lover.

O unique and special girl,

Why do you stay so far away, and for so long?

Why do you wish for your one and only love to perish,

Who loves you (as you already know) body and soul?

Who longs for you, like a parched little bird,

Hopes for you at all hours?

From the moment when I was apart from your sweetest presence

I didn’t want to see or hear another person,

But instead, like a turtledove, when its mate is dead,

Remains perched forever upon a barren branch.

Like this sad little bird, I’ll lament without end

Until once more I can enjoy your company.

I look around, and cannot find my lover

Or any word of consolation.

Instead, I happily run through my mind

The sweetness of your words and beauty,

Undone by my grief,

For I cannot find any such relief.

What can I compare to your love?

It is sweeter than honey and honeycomb,

Even gold and silver is dull in comparison!

Why go on?

In you, is every sweetness and kindness,

And so my spirit wanes in your absence.

You lack even an ounce of the bitterness of infidelity,

You are sweeter than milk and honey.

You are the one I’ve chosen out of thousands of others—

I love you more than everyone!

You alone are my love and my desire

You are the sweet refuge of my soul.

I find no enjoyment in anything else without you.

Everything that is sweet for me by your side

Is tedious and terrible without you here.

And so I want to tell you candidly,

If it were possible for me to afford a life by your side, I wouldn’t hesitate to do so.

Because you alone are the woman I chose in my heart.

And so, I pray to God,

May bitter death not take me away

Before I may enjoy looking at you,

My beloved and dearest one.

Goodbye.

Hold dear the faith and love I bear you,

And accept these words which I write to you,

As well as my still-loyal heart.

---

[1] Piechl,Helmut and Bergmann, Werner. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Vol. 8: Die Tegernseer Briefsammlung des 12. Jahrhunderts, 354. 

Sweeter Than Honey: A Medieval Nun to Her Girlfriend

C super mel et favum dulciori

B. quidquid amor amori.

O unica et specialis,

cur tamdiu in longinquo moraris?

Cur unicam tuam perire vis,

quae anima et corpore te diligit, ut ipsa scis?

Et quae more aviculi esurientis

te suspirat omnibus horis atque momentis.

Ex quo enim dulcissima tua presentia contigit me carere

nolui hominem ulterius audire nec videre

sed quasi tutur, perdito masculo

semper in arido residet ramusculo

ita lamentor sine fine

donec iterum fruar tua fide.

Circumpspicio et non invenio amantem

ne in uno verbo me consolantem

dum enim iucundissimae

allocutionis ac visionis tuae

dulcedinem revolvo in animo

dolore comprimor nimio

nam nil invenio tale.

Quid velim tuae dilectioni comparare,

Quae super mel at favum dulcescit

Et in cuius comparatione auri et argenti nitor vilescit?

Quid ultra? In te omnis suavitas et virtus:

idcirco de absentia tua meus semper languet spiritus.

Omnis perfidiae cares felle

dulcior es lacte et melle

electa es ex milibus

te diligo prae omnibus

tu sola amor et desiderium

tu dulce animi mei refrigerium

nil mihi absque te iucundi

In latitudine totius mundi.

Omne quod tecum erat mihi suave

sine te laboriosum est et grave.

Unde dicere volo veraciter

si fieri posset quod vitae pretio te emerem--non segniter.

Quia sola es quam elegi secundum cor meum.

idcirco semper obsecro Deum

ne prius me mors preveniat amara

quam visione tua fruar optata et care.

Vale

quae sunt omnia fidei et dilectionis de me habe.

Quem transmitto accipe stilum

et adhuc animum meum fidum.