The Birth of Dionysus: Lucian, Dialogi Deorum IX

TRIGGER WARNING:  rape, death

A Dialogue between Mercury & Neptune / Hermes & Poseidon:

M: Peperit iam modo, Neptune.

N: Apage: illene peperit? ex quo? ergo nobis nec opinantibus fuit ambiguo sexu: sed nec indicium fecit eius uterus tumoris ullius.

M: Recte ais: neque enim ille habebat foetum.

N: Teneo: ex capite peperit iterum, ut Minervam: puerperum enim habet caput.

M: Neutiquam: sed in femore ferebat ex Semele infantem.

N: Euge, ut bonus ille totus nobis uterum gestat& in omni parte corporis! At quaenam est Semele?

M: Thebana, Cadmi filiarum una: illam congressus gravidam fecit.

N: Tum peperit, Mercuri, eius vice?

M: Ita plane, tametsi fidem mereri res tibi non videatur: Semelen enim dolis aggressa Iuno (nosti gravem eius aemulationem) inducit ad petendum a Iove, cum tonitrubus ac fulminibus ut veniat ad se. Cum morigeratus accessit fulmen habens, succensum est tectum, ipsaque Semele perit ab igne: tum me iubet, exsecto utero mulieris, deferre nondum maturum ad se foetum septimestrem: postquam feci, perscisso femori suo indit, ut maturaretur ibi. Nunc tertio iam mense partum edidit, atque imbecillius ex laboribus habet. 

N: Ubinam nunc infans est?

M: In Nysam ablatum tradidi Nymphys educandum, imposito Dionysi nomine.

N: Ergo utrumque Dionysi istius & mater & pater est hicce?

M: Ergo quidem videtur. At abeo, aquam ipsi ad vulnus laturus, ceteraque curaturus, quae solent, tanquam puerperae.

Ἑρμῆς

τέτοκεν ἀρτίως, ὦ Πόσειδον.

Ποσειδῶν

ἄπαγε, τέτοκεν ἐκεῖνος; ἐκ τίνος; οὐκοῦν ἐλελήθει ἡμᾶς ἀνδρόγυνος ὤν; ἀλλὰ οὐδὲ ἐπεσήμανεν ἡ γαστὴρ αὐτῷ ὄγκον τινά.

Ἑρμῆς

εὖ λέγεις: οὐ γὰρ ἐκείνη εἶχε τὸ ἔμβρυον.

Ποσειδῶν

οἶδα: ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔτεκεν αὖθις ὥσπερ τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν: τοκάδα γὰρ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔχει.

Ἑρμῆς

οὔκ, ἀλλὰ ἐν τῷ μηρῷ ἐκύει τὸ ἐκ τῆς Σεμέλης βρέφος.

Ποσειδῶν

εὖ γε ὁ γενναῖος, ὡς ὅλος ἡμῖν κυοφορεῖ καὶ πανταχόθι τοῦ σώματος. ἀλλὰ τίς ἡ Σεμέλη ἐστί;

Ἑρμῆς

[2] Θηβαία, τῶν Κάδμου θυγατέρων μία. ταύτῃ συνελθὼν ἐγκύμονα ἐποίησεν.

Ποσειδῶν

εἶτα ἔτεκεν, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, ἀντ᾽ ἐκείνης;

Ἑρμῆς

καὶ μάλα, εἰ καὶ παράδοξον εἶναί σοι δοκεῖ: τὴν μὲν γὰρ Σεμέλην ὑπελθοῦσα ἡ Ἥρα — οἶσθα ὡς ζηλότυπός ἐστι — πείθει αἰτῆσαι παρὰ τοῦ Διὸς μετὰ βροντῶν [p. 87] καὶ ἀστραπῶν ἥκειν παρ᾽ αὐτήν: ὡς δὲ ἐπείσθη καὶ ἧκεν ἔχων καὶ τὸν κεραυνόν, ἀνεφλέγη ὁ ὄροφος, καὶ ἡ Σεμέλη μὲν διαφθείρεται ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρός, ἐμὲ δὲ κελεύει ἀνατεμόντα τὴν γαστέρα τῆς γυναικὸς ἀνακομίσαι ἀτελὲς ἔτι αὐτῷ τὸ ἔμβρυον ἑπτάμηνον: καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐποίησα, διελὼν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ μηρὸν ἐντίθησιν, ὡς ἀποτελεσθείη ἐνταῦθα, καὶ νῦν τρίτῳ ἤδη μηνὶ ἐξέτεκεν αὐτὸ καὶ μαλακῶς ἀπὸ τῶν ὠδίνων ἔχει.

Ποσειδῶν

νῦν οὖν ποῦ τὸ βρέφος ἐστίν;

Ἑρμῆς

ἐς τὴν Νῦσαν ἀποκομίσας ἔδωκα ταῖς Νυμφαις ἀνατρέφειν Διόνυσον ἐπονομασθέντα.

Ποσειδῶν

οὐκοῦν ἀμφότερα τοῦ Διονύσου τούτου καὶ μήτηρ καὶ πατὴρ ὁ ἀδελφός ἐστιν;

Ἑρμῆς

ἔοικεν. ἄπειμι δ᾽ οὖν ὕδωρ αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ τραῦμα οἴσων καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ποιήσων ἃ νομίζεται ὥσπερ λεχοῖ.

--Lucian, Dialogi Deorum IX, translated into Latin by Tiberius Hemesterhusius & Ioannis Fredericus Reitzius (1789)

Mercury: Neptune, Jupiter just gave birth.

Neptune: Really? He gave birth? How? Was he a person of ambiguous sex without us knowing? But he didn’t look pregnant!

Mercury: You’re right: he didn’t have a pregnant belly.

Neptune: Oh—I get it! He gave birth out of his head again, like he did to Minerva! His *head* was pregnant!

Mercury: Nope! He gave birth to Semele’s child from his thigh.

Neptune: Good for him! His whole body is a womb! But who is this Semele gal?

Mercury: She’s from Thebes. She’s one of Cadmus’ daughters: he slept with her and got her pregnant.

Neptune: So he gave birth to the kid instead of her?

Mercury: Yes, although the story isn’t worth your time. Juno attacked Semele (she knew her rival was pregnant), and convinced her to ask Jupiter to come to her with his thunderstorm power. When he approached her all his godly power, the whole house burned down, and Semele perished in the fire. And then Jupiter ordered me to cut the womb out of her, and to bring it to him (it wasn’t quite seven months old—not yet old enough to live). After that I cut him open and put the child inside his thigh, so it could finish growing there. And now, three months later, he gave birth—and now he’s recovering.

Neptune: Where is the infant now?

Mercury: I took the kid (named Dionysus) to Nysa, and handed him over to the Nymphs so they can raise him.

Neptune: So he’s the infant’s father and mother?

Mercury: I guess so. Well, I’ve got to go & give Jupiter some water to wash the wound, and help him take care of the afterbirth.

LUCIAN	MAP:
Name:  Lucianus Samosatensis Date:  125 – 180 CE Works: Dialogue of the Courtesans*                True History, etc.	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Lucian was a Turkish-born Roman satirist who wrote in ancient Greek. His works are a mixture of sarcasm, wit, and biting social criticism. He is without a doubt one of the most popular authors of the later Roman empire.	ROMAN GREECE

I am still the same: Cicero, Ad Atticum III.5

The letters of Cicero reveal insights into aspects of ancient Roman masculinity. By reading these letters, we see that Roman men often had deep, loving and affectionate friendships with their peers. There is no shame or stigma in expressing love and support to one another. In the following letter, Cicero expresses his love and appreciation for his friend Atticus as he faces a terrifying personal crisis (his exile in 58 BCE).

CICERO ATTICO SAL.

Terentia tibi et saepe et maximas agit gratias. id est mihi gratissimum. ego vivo miserrimus et maximo dolore conficior. ad te quid scribam nescio. si enim es Romae, iam me adsequi non potes; sin es in via, cum eris me adsecutus, coram agemus quae erunt agenda. tantum te oro ut, quoniam me ipsum semper amasti, ut eodem amore sis; ego enim idem sum. inimici mei mea mihi, non me ipsum ademerunt. cura ut valeas. data iiii Idus April. Thuri.

--Cicero, Ad Atticum III.5

From Cicero to Atticus: Greetings,

Terentia gives you frequent & immense thanks, and I do, too. I am doing really badly and I’m overwhelmed with the greatest sorrow. I don’t even know what to write to you. If you’re at Rome, it’s too late to follow me; but if you’re already on the road, when you catch up to me, we can discuss what I’ve got to do. I beg you one thing: as you have always loved me, please keep the same level of support; for I am still the same person.  My enemies have taken away everything from me except myself. Please, take care of yourself.

CICERO	MAP:
Name:  Marcus Tullius Cicero Date:  106 BCE – 43 BCE Works: de Amicitia                de Divinatione*                Epistles                In Catilinam               Pro Archiam, etc.	REGION  1
BIO:	Timeline:
Cicero was an Italian-born Roman statesman and author who lived during the complexities of Rome’s transition from Republic to monarchy. Cicero spent most of his life in service of his country, serving as both a lawyer, senator, and even consul [Roman equivalent of president]. He is known for his suppression of the failed governmental coup in 63 BCE known as the Catilinarian conspiracy that occurred during his consulship. After the rise of Octavian [later known as the first Roman emperor Augustus], his views fell out of favor and he was eventually put to death during the proscriptions under the Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus). He was a prolific author with a wide range in genres, and his literary style was adopted by Petrarch as the default model for the Latin language.	GOLDEN AGE ROME

Apollo, Unlucky in Love: Lucian, Dial. Deorum. 17.2

 In this satire, Apollo mourns the losses of Daphne and Hyacinthus. According to myth, both are transformed into plants, and Apollo honors them by wearing their leaves / blossoms in a crown.

Apollo: Ego vero alias quoque habeo Venerem minus propitiam ad res amatorias; quippe etiam quos duos maxime praeter ceteros amavi, Daphne & Hyacinthum, illa quidem aufugit, atque odit me, adeo ut in lignum converti maluerit, qu mecum rem habere: hic autem a disco interfectus est, et nunc pro illis coronas habeo.

 

ἐγὼ μὲν καὶ ἄλλως ἀναφρόδιτός εἰμι ἐς τὰ [p. 94] ἐρωτικά: δύο γοῦν, οὓς μάλιστα ἠγάπησα, τὴν Δάφνην καὶ τὸν Ὑάκινθον, ἡ μὲν Δάφνη οὕτως ἐμίσησέ με, ὥστε εἵλετο ξύλον γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ ἐμοὶ ξυνεῖναι, τὸν Ὑάκινθον δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ δίσκου ἀπώλεσα, καὶ νῦν ἀντ᾽ ἐκείνων στεφάνους ἔχω.

--Lucian, Dialogi Deorum 15.1, Translated into Latin by Jacob Micyllus

I am unlucky in love. I have loved two people more than anyone: Daphne and Hyacinthus. But Daphne ran away from me, and hated me to the point that she would rather become a tree than love me; and Hyacinthus was killed by a discus, and now all I have left of them are crowns.

LUCIAN	MAP:
Name:  Lucianus Samosatensis Date:  125 – 180 CE Works: Dialogue of the Courtesans*                True History, etc.	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Lucian was a Turkish-born Roman satirist who wrote in ancient Greek. His works are a mixture of sarcasm, wit, and biting social criticism. He is without a doubt one of the most popular authors of the later Roman empire.	ROMAN GREECE

 

Apollo Mourns the Loss of Hyacinthus: Luc, Dial. Deo. 14

M: Quid vero tristis es, Apollo?

A: Quoniam, o Mercuri, miser atque infelix circa amores sum.

M: Dignum quidem maerore hoc: sed tu quo pacto miser atque infelix es? An adhuc dolore afficit te id quod cum Daphne accidit?

A: Nequaquam, sed amasium doleo Laconem illum Oebali filium.

M: An mortuus est Hyacinthus? dic mihi.

A: Atque admodum.

M: Unde Apollo? Aut quis ita ab omni amore alienus fuit, ut occiderit formosum illum puerum?

A: Meum ipsius factum hoc est.

M: Quid igitur? Insanivisin' Apollo?

A: Non, sed inforunium quoddam invito mihi accidit.

M: Quomodo: cupio enim audire rationem hanc.

A: Disco ludere discebat, atque ego una cum illo ludebam. Ceterum ventorum omnium pessime perditus Zephyrus amabat quidem longo iam tempore etiam ipse illum. Verum neglecto eo, & contemptum istum non ferente, ego quidem, quemadmodum consueveramus, discum in altum sursum versus iaculabar, ille autem deorsum a Taygeto spirans, ablatum hunc in caput puero inflixit, ita ut ex ea plaga & cruror manaret affatim & ipse puer statim moreretur. Verum ego e vestigio Zephyrum ulciscebar, tortis in eum sagittis, fugientemque ad montem usque persequendo. Puero autem & tumulum extruxi in Amyclis, quo loco discus eum prostravit & florem ex cruore illius terram induere feci, suavissimusm illum quidem Mercuri, atque omnium fragrantissimum, praeterea & literas quasdam habentem, quae mortuum ipsum quasi deplorant. Num tibi igitur praeter rationem maestus fuisse videor?

M: Sane vero, Apollo. Noras enim mortalem te comparasse amasium tibi: quare dolere non debes mortuo iam illo.

Ἑρμῆς

τί σκυθρωπός, ὦ Ἄπολλον;

 

Ἀπόλλων

ὅτι, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, δυστυχῶ ἐν τοῖς ἐρωτικοῖς.

 

Ἑρμῆς

ἄξιον μὲν λύπης τὸ τοιοῦτο: σὺ δὲ τί δυστυχεῖς; ἢ τὸ κατὰ τὴν Δάφνην σε λυπεῖ ἔτι;

 

Ἀπόλλων

οὐδαμῶς: ἀλλὰ ἐρώμενον πενθῶ τὸν Λάκωνα τὸν Οἰβάλου.

 

Ἑρμῆς

τέθνηκε γάρ, εἰπέ μοι, ὁ Ὑάκινθος;

 

Ἀπόλλων

καὶ μάλα.

 

Ἑρμῆς

πρὸς τίνος, ὦ Ἄπολλον; ἢ τίς οὕτως ἀνέραστος ἦν ὡς ἀποκτεῖναι τὸ καλὸν ἐκεῖνο μειράκιον;

 

Ἀπόλλων

αὐτοῦ ἐμοῦ τὸ ἔργον.

 

Ἑρμῆς

οὐκοῦν ἐμάνης, ὦ Ἄπολλον;

 

Ἀπόλλων

οὔκ, ἀλλὰ δυστύχημά τι ἀκούσιον ἐγένετο.

 

Ἑρμῆς

πῶς; ἐθέλω γὰρ ἀκοῦσαι τὸν τρόπον.

Ἀπόλλων

[2] δισκεύειν ἐμάνθανε κἀγὼ συνεδίσκευον αὐτῷ, ὁ δὲ κάκιστα ἀνέμων ἀπολούμενος ὁ Ζέφυρος ἤρα [p. 93] μὲν ἐκ πολλοῦ καὶ αὐτός, ἀμελούμενος δὲ καὶ μὴ φέρων τὴν ὑπεροψίαν, ἐγὼ μὲν ἀνέρριψα, ὥσπερ εἰώθειμεν, τὸν δίσκον ἐς τὸ ἄνω, ὁ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ταϋγέτου καταπνεύσας ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν τῷ παιδὶ ἐνέσεισε φέρων αὐτόν, ὥστε ἀπὸ τῆς πληγῆς αἷμά τε ῥυῆναι πολὺ καὶ τὸν παῖδα εὐθέως ἀποθανεῖν. ἀλλὰ ἐγὼ τὸν μὲν Ζέφυρον αὐτίκα ἠμυνάμην κατατοξεύσας, φεύγοντι ἐπισπόμενος ἄχρι τοῦ ὄρους, τῷ παιδὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν τάφον μὲν ἐχωσάμην ἐν Ἀμύκλαις, ὅπου ὁ δίσκος αὐτὸν κατέβαλε, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος ἄνθος ἀναδοῦναι τὴν γῆν ἐποίησα ἥδιστον, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, καὶ εὐανθέστατον ἀνθέων ἁπάντων, ἔτι καὶ γράμματα ἔχον ἐπαιάζοντα τῷ νεκρῷ. ἆρά σοι ἀλόγως λελυπῆσθαι δοκῶ;

Ἑρμῆς

ναί, ὦ Ἄπολλον: ᾔδεις γὰρ θνητὸν πεποιημένος τὸν ἐρώμενον: ὥστε μὴ ἄχθου ἀποθανόντος.

--Lucian, Dialogi Deorum 14,   trans. Jacobus Micyllus

Mercury: Why are you so sad, Apollo?

Apollo: Mercury, I’m miserable and unhappy because of my love life.

Mercury: That’s a good reason to be miserable. But why are you so unhappy? Or are you still upset about Daphne?

Apollo: Nope, I’m upset about my boyfriend, the Laconian son of Oebalus.

Mercury: Oh no! Did Hyacinthus die? Tell me!

Apollo: Yep.

Mercury: How did it happen, Apollo? Who is such a stranger to love, that they would kill such a handsome young man?

Apollo: I’m to blame.

Mercury: Why? Did you go crazy, Apollo?

Apollo: No. I didn’t want it to happen; it was a terrible accident.

Mercury: How so? I want to hear what happened.

Apollo: He was practicing the discus, and I was practicing with him. Zephyrus, the worst of all the winds, loved him for a long time. But, because he was rejected by Hyacinthus and didn’t handle the rejection well—well, when I threw the discus high in the air (as I usually do), he rushed from Taygetus and struck the boy in the head with it. It hit Hyacinthus so hard that he immediately fell down dead, bleeding from the wound. I followed Zephyrus, trying to avenge Hyacinthus’ death, and I followed him all the way back to his mountain home. Then I built a tomb for the lad in Amyclis (where the discus had killed him), and I made a flower blossom from his blood in the soil where he fell. And let me tell you, Mercury, it’s the prettiest and sweetest-smelling flower there is, and there are letters written upon it that spell out a mourning cry for him (AI! AI!). Do you think I seem too upset for this loss?

Mercury: Absolutely, Apollo. You knew what would happen if you fell in love with a human lover: you shouldn’t grieve him that a mortal has died.

 

 

LUCIAN	MAP:
Name:  Lucianus Samosatensis Date:  125 – 180 CE Works: Dialogue of the Courtesans*                True History, etc.	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Lucian was a Turkish-born Roman satirist who wrote in ancient Greek. His works are a mixture of sarcasm, wit, and biting social criticism. He is without a doubt one of the most popular authors of the later Roman empire.	ROMAN GREECE

 

Free from Cupid's Influence: The Muses, Greek Anthology ix.39

 Cypris Musis: "Puellulae, ait, Venerem

Colite, aut Amorem ego in-vos amabo."

Et Musae ad Cyprin: "Marti dic pulchella ista;

nobis vero non volat iste puerulus."

 

ἁ Κύπρις Μούσαισι:

κοράσια, τὰν Ἀφροδίταν

τιμᾶτ᾽, ἢ τὸν Ἔρων ὔμμιν ἐφοπλίσομαι.

 

χαἰ Μοῦσαι ποτὶ Κύπριν

Ἄρει τὰ στωμύλα ταῦτα:

ἡμῖν δ᾽ οὐ πέτεται τοῦτο τὸ παιδάριον.

--Musicius, Greek Anthology ix.39; Translated into Latin by Friedrich Duebner (1871)

Venus told the Muses: “Little girls, worship me,

Or I will make Cupid attack you.”

The Muses replied: “Tell that chit-chat to Ares;

Your kid has no authority among us!”

<Anonymous>	MAP:
Name:  ???? Date:  Works:  Greek Anthology; Anthologia Graeca; Florilegii Graecii	REGION  UNKNOWN
BIO:	Timeline:
The Greek Anthology is a modern collection of Greek lyric poetry compiled from various sources over the course of Greco-Roman literature. The current collection was created from two major sources, one from the 10th century CE and one from the 14th century CE. The anthology contains authors spanning the entirety of Greek literature, from archaic poets to Byzantine Christian poets.	Byzantine Greek

Webinar: "LGBT MEETS SPQR: Resources..."

If you were unable to attend my webinar, "LGBT Meets SPQR: Resources and Lesson Plans for Including LGBTQIA+ Instruction into High School Latin Curricula"  hosted by Bolchazy-Carducci on March 23rd,  you can find a copy of the PowerPoint HERE.

Blurb: The purpose of this webinar is to provide lesson plans and authentic Latin and Greek sources on gender and sexuality in the ancient Greco-Roman world. High school appropriate materials will be provided to enhance representation and foster conversations on LGBTQIA+ topics in the classroom. Ancient terminology and voices on how the ancients defined themselves  will also be discussed.

A Gift to Pallas Athena: Greek Anthology vi.10

 Tritogenia, Sospitatrix, Iovis filia lecti-genialis-inimica,

Pallas, puerperii-expertis domina virginitatis,

aram tibi cornibus-instructam posuit hanc Seleucus,

Phoebeam vocem edente ore.

Τριτογενές, Σώτειρα, Διὸς φυγοδέμνιε κούρα,

Παλλάς, ἀπειροτόκου δεσπότι παρθενίης,

βωμόν τοι κεραοῦχον ἐδείματο τόνδε Σέλευκος,

Φοιβείαν ἰαχὰν φθεγγομένου στόματος.

--Antipater of Sidon, Greek Anthology vi.10; Translated into Latin by Friedrich Duebner (1871)

African born, our savior, marriage-shunning daughter of Jupiter,

Pallas Athena, virgin goddess in charge of her virginity,

Seleucus, obedient to Apollo's prophetic words, 

has made this altar adorned with horns for you

ANTIPATER of SIDON	MAP:
Name:  Antipater of Sidon Date:  2nd century BCE Works:  <fragments>	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Antipater of Sidon was a Greek poet who lived during the 2nd century BCE.  Little is known about him, and only a handful of his poetry was preserved in the Greek Anthology.	HELLENISTIC GREEK

<Anonymous>	MAP:
Name:  ???? Date:  Works:  Greek Anthology; Anthologia Graeca; Florilegii Graecii	REGION  UNKNOWN
BIO:	Timeline:
The Greek Anthology is a modern collection of Greek lyric poetry compiled from various sources over the course of Greco-Roman literature. The current collection was created from two major sources, one from the 10th century CE and one from the 14th century CE. The anthology contains authors spanning the entirety of Greek literature, from archaic poets to Byzantine Christian poets.	Byzantine Greek

In Praise of Sappho: Greek Anthology 9.66 & 9.506

Antipater of Sidon (ix.66):

Mnemosyne Sapphus* audit dum carmina, dixit,

unde novem Musis additur una soror?

(*4th declension genitive singular form)

Μναμοσύναν ἕλε θάμβος, ὅτ᾽ ἔκλυε τᾶς μελιφώνου

Σαπφοῦς, μὴ δεκάταν Μοῦσαν ἔχουσι βροτοί.

When Mnemosyne heard Sappho's sweet voice, 

she wondered if there were a tenth Muse.

Plato (ix.506): 

Novem Musas dicunt quidam: quam negligenter!

ecce et Sappho e Lexbo decima.

ἐννέα τὰς Μούσας φασίν τινες: ὡς ὀλιγώρως:

ἠνίδε καὶ Σαπφὼ Λεσβόθεν ἡ δεκάτη.

They say there are nine Muses: nope!

Sappho of Lesbos is the tenth!

--Antipater of Sidon, Greek Anthology ix.66 and Plato, Greek Anthology ix.506; translated into Latin by Friedrich Duebner, 1872

ANTIPATER of SIDON	MAP:
Name:  Antipater of Sidon Date:  2nd century BCE Works:  <fragments>	REGION  4
BIO:	Timeline:
Antipater of Sidon was a Greek poet who lived during the 2nd century BCE.  Little is known about him, and only a handful of his poetry was preserved in the Greek Anthology.	HELLENISTIC GREEK

PLATO	MAP:
Name:  Plato Date:  428 BCE – 348 BCE Works:  Apology of Socrates                The Republic                Symposium*, etc.	REGION  5
BIO:	Timeline:
Plato was an Athenian philosopher who is considered one of the most influential minds of Greek thought. Using his predecessor Socrates as his mouthpiece, he composed a number of philosophical dialogues that explored various ethical, philosophical, and moral concepts. He was the founder of the Athenian Academy, and was the mentor of the famous philosopher Aristotle.	GOLDEN AGE GREECE

<Anonymous>	MAP:
Name:  ???? Date:  Works:  Greek Anthology; Anthologia Graeca; Florilegii Graecii	REGION  UNKNOWN
BIO:	Timeline:
The Greek Anthology is a modern collection of Greek lyric poetry compiled from various sources over the course of Greco-Roman literature. The current collection was created from two major sources, one from the 10th century CE and one from the 14th century CE. The anthology contains authors spanning the entirety of Greek literature, from archaic poets to Byzantine Christian poets.	Byzantine Greek