They were Roommates? Suetonius on the life of Hyginus, de Gram. 20.1-3

Name: Suetonius Date:  69 - 122 CE Region: Numidia [modern Algeria]    Citation:  de Gramm. 20.1-3

Roman men often had deep, loving and affectionate friendships with their peers. There was no shame or stigma in expressing love and support to one another.

Caius Julius Hyginus, one of Augustus’ freedmen, was from Hispania [modern Spain].  Some think that he was actually from Alexandria [modern Egypt], and brought to Rome as a boy by Caesar after the fall of Alexandria. He studied under the Greek scholar Cornelius Alexander (whom many called the Scholar because of his vast knowledge of history), then followed in his footsteps. He was in charge of the Palatine library, and despite this, still had the time to teach many people. He was very close friends with the poet Ovid and Clodius Licinius, the former consul and historian who, after Hyginus fell into poverty, supported him financially for as long as he lived. Hyginus’ freedman was Julius Modestus, a scholar who followed in his patron’s footsteps in both education and area of expertise.

  

C. Iulius Hyginus Augusti libertus, natione Hispanus,—nonnulli Alexandrinum putant et a Caesare puerum Romam adductum Alexandria capta—studiose et audiit et imitatus est Cornelium Alexandrum grammaticum Graecum quem propter antiquitatis notitiam Polyhistorem multi, quidam Historiam vocabant. Praefuit Palatinae bibliothecae nec eo secius plurimos docuit fuitque familiarissimus Ovidio poetae et Clodio Licino consulari historico qui eum admodum pauperem decessisse tradit et liberalitate sua quoad vixerit sustentatum. Huius libertus fuit Iulius Modestus in studiis atque doctrina vestigia patroni secutus.

  

 Suetonius was a Roman biographer from Numidia (modern Algeria). He is known for his work the de Vitis Caesarum, a collection of biographies on the first twelve Roman emperors.

 

M/M: Harmodius & Aristogiton, Sacred Names of Freedom Fighters: Aulus Gellius 9.2.10-11

Name: Aulus Gellius  Date: 125 – 180 CE Region:  Rome [modern Italy] Citation:  Athenian Nights 9.2.10-11

Herodes Atticus criticizes a scammer disguised as a philosopher:

“My Athenian ancestors made a law that slaves could never have the name of Harmodius & Aristogiton, the incredibly brave youths who undertook a plot to kill the tyrant Hippias in an attempt to restore liberty to the city.  They thought it was an abomination for the names of those who sacrificed their lives for their country’s freedom should be polluted by being associated with slaves.   So then why are we allowing the noble name of ‘philosopher’ to be made filthy by disgusting scammers?  

Maiores autem mei Athenienses nomina iuvenum fortissimorum Harmodii et Aristogitonis, qui libertatis recuperandae gratia Hippiam tyrannum interficere adorsi erant, ne umquam servis indere liceret decreto publico sanxerunt, quoniam nefas ducerent nomina libertati patriae devota servili contagio pollui. Cur ergo nos patimur nomen philosophiae inlustrissimum in hominibus deterrimis exsordescere?

 Aulus Gellius [125 – 180 CE] lived during the 2nd century CE. His work, the Attic Nights, are a collection of anecdotes about literature, history, and grammar.  From internal evidence, we can deduce that he was in the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ social circle, having close friendships with Herodes Atticus and Fronto.

Off Limits: A Friend's Advice on Love, Plautus Curculio 35-38

Off Limits: The Ultimate Dating Guide to Ancient Rome

Name:  Plautus Date:  254 – 184 BCE Region:  [modern Italy] Citation:  Curculio 35 - 38

In the play Curculio, Palinurus offers Phaedromus advice on navigating dating in Rome. This offers insight into Roman customs on who was eligible for romance (i.e., single adults) and who was off limits (i.e., married people and children).

 Nobody’s going to stop you from walking down a public street, 

But don’t step on anybody else’s metaphorical lawn.

As long as you stay away from a bride, a widow, a young woman,

A young man, and freeborn children, you can love whomever you’d like.

 

 
Latin Text: 

Nemo ire quemquam publica prohibet via;

dum ne per fundum saeptum facias semitam,

dum te abstineas nupta, vidua, virgine,

iuventute et pueris liberis, ama quid lubet.

Plautus [Titus Maccius Plautus; 254 – 184 BCE, modern Italy] was one of the earliest Roman authors that remain extant. He was born in northern Italy in the 3^rd century, and spent the entirety of his life in and around the stage. Although many of his works are lost, we have nearly two dozen of his comedies still extant. The impact of Plautus is still seen today; his works were the basis for the famous musical A Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Forum.

Freeing A Friend: Phaedo of Elis, Aulius Gellius 2.18.1-5

 

Name: Aulus Gellius  Date: 125 – 180 CE Region:  Rome [modern Italy] Citation:  Athenian Nights 2.18.1-5

Socrates' circle of friends included people of multiple social classes, including Phaedo.

Phaedo of Elis was one of Socrates’ circle, who was close to both Socrates and Plato (Plato even named one of his books after him). Yet Phaedo was a slave, with beauty and a freeborn person’s mind, and as some people allege, was driven to serve as a prostitute. At Socrates’ urging, Cebes (another one in Socrates’ circle) bought him and enrolled him into philosophical training. And thus Phaedo became a famous philosopher, and his books are read even today.

 1 Phaedon Elidensis ex cohorte illa Socratica fuit Socratique et Platoni per fuit familiaris. 2 Eius nomini Plato librum illum divinum de immortalitate animae dedit. 3 Is Phaedon servus fuit forma atque ingenio liberali et, ut quidam scripserunt, a lenone domino puer ad merendum coactus. 4 Eum Cebes Socraticus hortante Socrate emisse dicitur habuisseque in philosophiae disciplinis. 5 Atque is postea philosophus inlustris fuit, sermonesque eius de Socrate admodum elegantes leguntur.  

 

Aulus Gellius [125 – 180 CE] lived during the 2nd century CE. His work, the Attic Nights, are a collection of anecdotes about literature, history, and grammar.  From internal evidence, we can deduce that he was in the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius’ social circle, having close friendships with Herodes Atticus and Fronto.

Servitium Amoris in Literature vs. Reality

One of the popular themes in love poetry is servitium amoris, literally "being enslaved to love," i.e., a poet's willingness to offer complete submission and humiliation to their lover. Although this imagery remains popular in both Roman love poetry and even in music today (e.g., "I'm a slave 4 you," by Britney Spears and "You see these shackles, baby, I'm your slave / I'll let you whip me if I misbehave" in Justin Timberlake's SexyBack), it is important to not mix metaphor with reality. Although Roman historians used anecdotes of tenderness to add drama and pathos to their narrative, it is important to not romanticize the master/slave relationship. When reading the following examples of this theme in Roman history, please remember that these relationships lacked the ability for consent and should not be emulated or idealized today.  

Once he had fulfilled his wildest dreams in pleasures and gladiatorial fights, [the Roman Emperor] Commodus then turned to murder plots and began killing the noblemen of Rome.
One of his victims was Julianus the Prefect, whom he used to embrace and kiss in public, even calling him "Father."
Another was Julius Alexander, a man who was condemned for killing a lion while on horseback. Once he realized that assassins were at his door, Julianus killed them under the cover of night; he also killed all of his enemies at Emesa, his birthplace. Once this was done, he hopped on his horse, intending to head for the border; he would have been successful in his escape except he took his bed slave [puerum, quem habebat in deliciis] as his travel companion. While they were making their way as quickly as they could, the lad grew tired, and Julianus refused to leave him behind. Because of this, the couple was overtaken by their pursuers, and both were killed.

Κόμμοδος δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εὐθυμιῶν καὶ παιδιῶν ἀνανεύων ἐφόνα καὶ τοὺς ἐπιφανεῖς ἄνδρας διεχειρίζετο: ὧν ἦν καὶ Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ ἔπαρχος, ὃν καὶ δημοσίᾳ περιελάμβανέ τε καὶ κατεφίλει καὶ πατέρα ὠνόμαζεν, Ἰούλιός τε Ἀλέξανδρος, οὗτος μὲν ὡς καὶ λέοντα ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου κατακοντίσας: [p. 100] [2] ὅστις ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοὺς σφαγέας παρόντας ᾔσθετο, ἐκείνους τε τῆς νυκτὸς ἐφόνευσε, καὶ τῶν Ἐμεσηνῶν, ὅθεν ἦν, τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ πάντας προσκατεχρήσατο, ποιήσας δὲ ταῦτα ἵππον τε ἀνέβη καὶ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ὥρμησε. κἂν [3] ἐξέφυγεν, εἰ μὴ παιδικά τινα συνεπῆκτο: αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ κράτιστα ἵππευε, τὸ δὲ μειράκιον καμὸν οὐχ ὑπέμεινε καταλιπεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς κατελαμβάνετο, ἀπέκτεινε καὶ ἐκεῖνον καὶ ἑαυτόν..
Commodus autem, ubi expleverat animum voluptatibus ludisque, tum demum caedes meditabatur, occidebatque nobiles viros: in quorum numero fuit Julianus praefectus, quem publice amplecti atque osculari, patremque appellare consueverat: itemque Julius Alexander, is qui iaculis confecerat leonem ex equo: qui postquam interfectores adesse cognovit, eos de nocte trucidavit, et praeterea Emesenorum, ex quibus ipse erat ortus, quotquot inimici, sui fuerant, omnes interemit. Quo facto, equo contendit ad barabaros: effugissetque omnino, nisi puerum, quem habebat in deliciis, comitem cepisset. Quum enim incitato equo iter faceret, adolescentulum defessum labore itineris nolebat relinquere, ac deprehensus ab insecutoribus, et illi et sibi mortem attulit. 

--Cassius Dio, Epit. LXXIII.14; translated from the Greek by Johannis Albertus Fabricius, 1752

***

This is an equally famous instance: Because he feared he’d be tortured by his enemies, Gaius Gracchus asked his slave Philocrates to kill him. Philocrates obeyed, but then took the sword still dripping with his master’s blood and slew himself with it. Some people think this slave’s name was “Euporus;” I don’t really care about the slave’s name, I just admire the strength of his loyalty.

Aeque inlustre quod sequitur. C. Gracchus, ne in potestatem inimicorum perueniret, Philocrati servo suo cervices incidendas praebuit. quas cum celeri ictu abscidisset, gladium cruore domini manantem per sua egit praecordia. Euporum alii hunc vocitatum existimant: ego de nomine nihil disputo, famularis tantum modo fidei robur admiror.

--Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings VI.8.3

***

Once he had fortified Munda, Caesar headed for Corduba. Those who had fled the carnage of the battle had taken possession of a bridge. When Caesar arrived, they began to reproach us, thinking only a few of us had survived battle: where could we go? So they made a stand at the bridge. Caesar crossed the river and set up camp.

When Scapula, the mastermind of the uprising, arrived at Corduba after the battle, he assembled his family and freedmen, created a pyre for himself, ordered the best possible last meal, put on his best outfit, and gave money and silver to everyone in the household. Once he was done eating, he anointed himself with perfumes and oils. Finally, he ordered his slave and a freedman who’d been his lover to slice his throat and light his pyre. 

[33] Caesar ex proelio [Munda] munitione circumdata Cordubam venit. Qui ex caede eo refugerunt, pontem occuparunt. Cum eo ventum esset, conviciare coeperunt, nos ex proelio paucos superesse; quo fugeremus? Ita pugnare coeperunt de ponte. Caesar flumen traiecit et castra posuit. Scapula totius seditionis [familiae ac libertinorum] caput ex proelio Cordubam cum venisset, familiam et libertos convocavit, pyram sibi extruxit, cenam adferri quam optimam imperavit, item optimis insternendum vestimentis; pecuniam et argentum in praesentia familiae donavit. Ipse de tempore cenare, resinam et nardum identidem sibi infundit. Ita novissimo tempore servum iussit et libertum qui fuisset eius concubinus, alterum se iugulare, alterum pyram incendere.

--Julius Caesar, de Bello Hispaniensi 33

***

 As [Galba] marched on the city of Rome, Nero was abandoned by everyone except his eunuch [Sporus], whom he had tried to shape into a woman; Nero stabbed himself, begging someone to kill him, but he didn’t deserve even that ounce of mercy.

Ac ni Galba, qui Hispaniae praesidebat, cognito mandatum sui exitium quamquam senecta aetate imperio correpto subvenisset, tantum facinus haud dubie patraretur. 16 Verum eius adventu desertus undique nisi ab spadone, quem quondam exsectum formare in mulierem tentaverat, semet ictu transegit, cum implorans percussorem diu ne ad mortem quidem meruisset cuiusquam officium.

--Sextus Aurelius Victor 5.15

 Julius Caesar (100 - 44BCE) is without a doubt one of the most influential Romans in history. His name became the title of monarchy (Kaiser in German; Czar in Russian), and celebrated in food (Caesar dressing, Kaiser rolls), but despite his major impact on world history, this larger-than-life figure has a complex role in history.

Little is known about the life of Valerius Maximus except that he wrote during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. His work, Memorable Deeds and Sayings, is a collection of examples from Roman and world history categorized by theme for the purpose of rhetorical exercises.

 Cassius Dio was a Roman statesman born in Nicaea, Bithynia who wrote an 80 volume work on Roman history that spanned from Aeneas’ flight from Troy to the rise of the emperor Severus Alexander. Although much of his history is lost, the fragments that we do have show rare insight into the Roman world.

M/M: In Love With Love: Charinus the Iambic Poet, Photius, Bibl. 153b

 Charinus was an iambic poet who loved Eupator’s eunuch cupbearer Erotos [Love] to the point of desperation. Relying on the power of the Leucadian Rocks*, he leapt from them and broke his leg. As he was dying from the pain, he composed the following poem:

“Leucadian Rock, you deceiving villain,

OWWWWWWWW OWWWWWWWW

You have drowned Charinus the Iambic poet,

He believed in your myth[ical power].

May Eupator’s love for Love also die.

* According to legend, a person could be cured of their love for a person if they leapt from the Leucadian Rocks and survive. Sappho is said to have leapt from these rocks to rid herself of her love of Phaon.

Charinus quoque iamborum scriptor, eunuchum quemdem Erota, Eupatoris pincernam, perdite amavit, fabulaeque de petra illa fidem habens, praecipitavit et ille. At cum ex lapsu crure fracto, doloris iam vi exspiraret, hos versus iambicos effudit:

"Fallax peri, peri, mala o Leucas petra;

Charinon, heu, heu, me poetam iambicum

Spei adussisti inanibus quae fabulis.

In tantum Erota, o! Eupator si diligat.

Χαρίνος δε ίαμβογράφος ηράσθη Έρωτος ευνούχου του Ευπάτορος οινοχόου και πιστεύσας τω πέρι της πέτρας λόγω κατέβαλεν εαυτόν. έπει δε κατεβαλων το σκέλος κατεάγη και υπό οδύνης ετελευτα, απέρριψε τάδε τα ιαμβεία:

 

 Έρροις πλανήτη και κακή πέτρη Λευκάς. 

Χαρίνον, αί αϊ, την ιαμβικήν Μούσαν, 

Κατηθάλωσας ελπίδος κενοίς μύθοις: 

Τοιαύτ Ερωτος Ευπάτωρ ερασθείη.

--Photius, Bibliotheca 153B,  Translated into Latin by Christian Wolf et al. (1860)

 Nobleman, clergyman and author Photius led the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople during the 9^th century CE. His impact on Church history and literature is immense; he was canonized as a saint in both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches. His work, the Bibliotheka, preserves epitomes of works that are no longer extant.

  

Dorkion's Gaze, Greek Anthology XII.161.1-3

Dorkion, the tomboy, knows how to cast a loving gaze

Over their shoulder

And shoot a love-dart from their eyes

Just like a boyfriend would. 

*The term puer delicatus usually refers to a slave; it is likely that Dorkion is not a free person.

Dorcium quae ephebis-gaudet scit, ut delicatus puer*,

iaculari communis Cypridis velocem sagittam, [pendens

cupidinem fulgurans ab oculo, [sui] super humeros...

Δόρκιον ἡ φιλέφηβος ἐπίσταται, ὡς ἁπαλὸς παῖς,

ἕσθαι πανδήμου Κύπριδος ὠκὺ βέλος,

ἵμερον ἀστράπτουσα κατ᾽ ὄμματος, ἠδ᾽ ὑπὲρ ὤμων...

--Asclepiades, Greek Anthology 12.161.1-3

 Asclepiades of Samos was a Greek lyric poet from the 3^rd century BCE. His works are preserved in the Greek Anthology, a collection of Greek lyric poetry that spans numerous genres, topics, and authors.

 

M/M: A Slave's Heart, CIL IV.5037

Although there exist a handful of loving exchanges between a Roman slave and their master, it is important to remember that these relationships lacked the ability for consent. We have no idea of the context of the following inscription, whether this was an honest declaration of affection, or if these words were written to appease or mollify their master's wrath. Just as in American history, where it is inappropriate to romanticize an American slaveowner's relationship with their slaves, so too is it inappropriate to romanticize relationships in the ancient world that would not be considered consensual today. Doing so damages the dignity of our youth.

ΦΡΑΣΩΝ

ΚΥΡΙΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΥ

ΕΡΩΤΑ ΣΕ Ο ΔΟΥ

ΛΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΣ

 

Thrason,

Domine Helii,

Amat te servus

Helius

--CIL IV.5037, found in House IX 2.26 in Pompeii

 

M/M: When No One Wants To Be Your Patroclus... Herodian, Hist. IV.8

Once he did this, and arranged the infrastructure of the cities to the best of his abilities, Caracalla went to Pergamum [a city in Asia], to take advantage of the medical attention of the Temple of Asclepius. Having obtained the visions he was seeking there, he then headed to Ilium [Troy].  After taking a tour of its ruins, he then proceeded to the tomb of Achilles. Once he was there, he decked it with wreaths and flowers, and then began to imitate Achilles. Yearning for a Patroclus, he made do with what was available, and offed Festus—the dearest of all of his freedmen, one of his personal secretaries.  While they were staying at Ilium, Festus had died—by poison (as some alleged; others say he died of disease), so of course, now Caracalla could bury him in the manner of Patroclus. Caracalla ordered Festus’ body to be put on display, then arranged a funeral pyre with a large amount of firewood. Then, placing the corpse in the middle of the pyre, and slaughtering all sorts of animals in sacrifice, he set the pyre on fire, and pouring a libation with by his own hand, he prayed to the winds. And when he tried to take a lock of his already balding hair to offer on the pyre, he was mocked, but he nevertheless cut what little hair he had.

His igitur actis, atque urbibus prout quanque potuerat ordinatis, Pergamum adit, Asiae civitatem, ut Aesculapii curationibus uteretur. Quo postquam pervenit somniis quamdiu voluit captatis Ilium mox petiit, & cunctis urbis reliquiis collustratis, ad Achillis tumulum processit. Eoque coronis, floribusque magnifice exornato rursus imitari Achillem coepit. Sed Patroclum desideras alique, quippia huiusmodi fecit, libertorum omnium carissimus Festus, a memoria, dum ad Ilium moratur, vita defunctus est, veneno (ut quidam aiebant) extinctus, quo scilicet Patrocli more sepeliretur (ut alii affirmant) morbo interceptus. Huius igitur cadaver efferi iussit, compluribus lignis rogum strui. Dein imposito in medium, mactatisque omne genus animalibus subiecit ignem, phialamqye manu tenens,vinumque libans, ventos precebatur. Cumque esset raro capillo et crinem quaereret, ut imponeret ignibus deridiculo erat omnibus, caeterum quos habuit capillos, tamen totondit. Laudabat autem ex omnibus ducibus, praecipue Syllam Romanum et Afrum Annibalem: quibus etiam statuas atque imagines excitavit.

ταύτα δε ποιήσας τά τε εν ταϊς πόλεσι διοικήσας ως ενεδέχετο ήπείχθη ες Πέργαμον της Ασίας χρήσασθαι βουλόμενος θεραπείαις του Ασκληπιού. άφικόμενος δή εκεί και ες όσον ήθελε των όνειράτων έμφορηθείς ήκεν ες Ιλιον. επελθών δε πάντα τα της πόλεως λείψανα ήκεν επί τον Αχιλλέως τάφον στεφάνοις τε κοσμήσας και ανθεσι πολυτελώς πάλιν Αχιλλέα εμιμείτο. ζητών τε και Πάτροκλόν τινα έποίησέ τι τοιούτον. ήν αυτώ τις των απελευθέρων φίλτατος Φηστος μεν όνομα της δε βασιλείου μνήμης προεστώς. ούτος όντος αυτού εν Ιλίω ετελεύτησεν ως μέν τινες έλεγον φαρμάκω αναιρεθείς ίν ως Πάτροκλος ταφή ως δε έτεροι έφασκoν νόσω διαφθαρείς. τούτου κομισθήναι κελεύει τον νέκυν ξύλων τε πολλών άθροισθήναι πυράν επιθείς τε αυτόν εν μέσω και παντοδαπά ζώα κατασφάξας υφήψέ τε και φιάλην λαβών σπένδων τε τοις ανέμοις εύχετο. πάνυ τε ών ψιλοκόρσης πλόκαμον επιθεϊναι το πυρί ζητων εγελάτο πλήν ων είχε τριχών απεκείρατο επήνει δε και στρατηγών μάλιστα Σύλλαν τε τον και Αννίβαν τον Λίβυν ανδριάντας τε αυτών και είκόνας ανέστησεν.

--Herodian Historiae IV.8, Translated into Latin by Angel Politianus, 1627

 Little is known about this later Roman historian except that he was from Syria and that he wrote about events that occurred during his lifetime. His Histories consist of eight books documenting Roman History from the time of the death of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius until the ascension of Gordian III (from 180 – 238 CE).

What's in a Name? Pueri & Puellae in Latin Love Poetry

When reading Latin love poetry, remember that puella means “girlfriend” and not “girl,” and puer means “boyfriend” and not “boy.”  Textual evidence supports that the Romans used these terms to refer to adult partners old enough to engage in romantic activity. [35] Although no author self-identifies as a puer in the nominative case [often preferring iuvenis 19], the term can be used to refer to another man (often a poet’s rival) [36]. Gender neutral terms (amores, delicias) would often be used in the plural, but sometimes in the singular (amanti/em). It is important to note, however, that although the term deliciae was used often with positive connotations (e.g., the Emperor Titus was called amor et deliciae generis humani [37]), the phrases “puer delicatus” and “in deliciis” tend to refer to a slave [38], not a consenting partner.  Regardless of their age, these people were not capable of consent due to their enslaved status. It is important to not joke about or romanticize poems that use these terms, as this damages the dignity of our youth.

The following chart provides a list of vocabulary for married couples:

Feminae (Women)	Communis (Gender Neutral)	Viri (Men)
Nouns: Domina [1] Femina [2] Mulier [3] Uxor [4] Verbs: nubo, -ere [5]	Nouns: Coniunx [6]    Verbs: coniungo, -ere [7]	Nouns: Dominus [8] Maritus [9] Vir [10] Verbs: in matrimonio habeo, -ere [1]] In matrimonio[con]iungo,   -ere [12] uxorem duco, -ere [13]

 

 

 

The following chart provides a list of vocabulary for dating couples:

IF YOU’RE A…
	Feminae (Women)		Communis (Gender Neutral)	Viri (Men)
You Call Yourself A…	Puella [14] Unica [15]		Amans [16]	Amans -17] Amator [18] Iuvenis[19]
You Call Your Partner A…	Femina: Amica [20] Unica [21]	Vir: Amasius[22] Dominus [23] Iuvenis[24] Vir [25]	Amans [26] Amores [27]  Deliciae [28]	Femina: Amica [29]  Domina [30] Mulier [31] Puella [32]	Vir: Amasius [33] Puer [34]

 

 

 

---

[1] Catullus, Poem 61.31

[2] Catullus, Poem 61.173

[3] Catullus, Poem 70.1

[4] Catullus, Poem 71.178

[5] Martial, Epigram 9.10.1

[6] Catullus, Poem 61.32

[7] Catullus, Poem 64.373

[8] Catullus, Poem 45.14

[9] Catullus, Poem 61.55

[10] Catullus, Poem 61.3

[11] Cicero, On Behalf of Caecina 10.9

[12] Livy, From the Founding of the City 1.46.5

[13] Martial, Epigram 9.10.2

[14] Sulpicia, Poem 5.1

[15] MGH 8:7, line 5

[16] Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.73

[17] Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.73

[18] Ovid, Loves, 1.4.39

[19] Ausonius, Epigram 40.4

[20] Martial, Epigram 7.70.2

[21] MGH 8:7, line 3

[22] Plautus, Cas.589

[23] Ovid, Loves,3.7.11

[24] CIL 6.37965

[24] Plaut. Casina 146

[26] Catullus, Poem 73.3

[27] Catullus, Poem 10.1

[28] Catullus, Poem 22.2

[29] Catullus, Poem 72.3

[30] Propertius, Elegies1.1.21

[31] Catullus, Poem 71.1

[32] Catullus, Poem 71.1

[33] Jacob Mycellus, Lucian’s Dialogue of the Gods14

[34] Martial, Epigram 4.42.14

[35] cum puero ut bello bella puella cubet, Catullus Poem 78.4; vir reliquis, uni sit puer mihi, Martial Epigram 4.42.14

[36] Horace, Odes 1.5.1

[37] Suetonius, Titus 1

[38] Pliny, Natural History, 7.34