The Amazons, As Explained by a Christian Writer: Orosius, Historia 1.15

 

Challenging Gender Roles: The Amazons

Name:  Orosius Date:   385 – 420 CE Region:    Gallaecia [modern Portugal] Citation: History Against the Pagans 1.15

While all that was happening, this was happening in Scythia: there were two princes named Plynos and Scolopetius who were expelled from their throne by a coup of the nobles. They migrated with a large group of youths to the shores of Cappadocia on the Black Sea by the Thermodon River. They conquered the territory of Themiscyra and settled there. They stayed there until ultimately being killed by treachery by their neighboring countries.

Moved by exile and their widowhood, their wives took up arms and, in order to rival their husbands’ courage, killed the remaining men in their group and repaid their enemy neighbors in blood for the blood of their slaughtered husbands. Then, after imposing peace through threat of violence, they used their neighbors for breeding purposes, killing the boys they birthed, and nursing their girls with their right breast [for they burn off their left breast in order to shoot arrows unimpeded]. This is why they are called “breastless,” [A-mazons].

Of these Amazons, there were two queens, Marpesia and Lampeto, who divided the group into two parts: one group would take care of war, while the other group would stay home to guard their home. When they had conquered a great part of Europe, even capturing some nations in Asia, they founded the city of Ephesos and other cities.

While a large part of the army was returning home with splendid treasure, and the rest of the army remaining behind to guard their territory in Asia, Queen Marpesia was killed in a skirmish with the enemy. Her daughter, Sinope, who cherished her lifelong chastity, took control of this region.

There was so much admiration and respect for these Amazons that even Hercules, when he was ordered by his lord [1] to bring back the armor of the Amazon queen, realized the terrible danger he was in. He assembled all of the nobles of Greece, prepared nine longboats, yet still was unimpressed with his swarm of men warriors, and instead strategized to catch the Amazons off guard. At that time, two sisters were in power named Antiope and Orithya. Hercules came ashore, and caught the Amazons off guard, attacking them unarmed, and without a thought to diplomacy. Among these casualties who were captured and killed were two sisters of Antiope. Melanippe was captured by Hercules, and Hippolyte was captured by Theseus. Theseus married his captive Hippolyte, but Hercules returned Melanippe to her sister, ransoming her for the queen’s armor.

Penthesilea ruled after Orithyia [died], and we all know the story of her glorious deeds during the Trojan War.

Orosius [Paulus Orosius; 385 – 420 CE, modern Portugal] was a Christian author famous for his history of ancient Rome. He was originally from Gallaecia Hispania [modern Portugal], but traveled extensively to the Holy Lands for scholarly and religious purposes. His seven-volume History Against the Pagans recounts Roman history with a Christian lens. 

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[1]  A reference to the myth of Hercules’ twelve labors.

Challenging Gender Roles: The Amazons

Medio autem tempore apud Scythas duo regii iuvenes Plynos et Scolopetius, per factionem optimatium domo pulsi, ingentem iuventutem secum traxere et in Cappadociae Ponticae ora iuxta amnem Thermodontem consederunt campis Themiscyriis sibi subiectis; ubi diu proxima quaeque populati conspiratione finitimorum per insidias trucidantur. Horum uxores exilio ac viduitate permotae arma sumunt et, ut omnibus par ex simili condicione animus fieret, viros qui superfuerant interficiunt atque accensae in hostem sanguine suo ultionem caesorum coniugum finitimorum excidio consequuntur. Tunc pace armis quaesita externos concubitus ineunt, editos mares mox enecant, feminas studiose nutriunt inustis infantium dexterioribus mammillis, ne sagittarum iactus impedirentur; unde “Amazones” dictae. Harum duae fuere reginae, Marpesia et Lampeto, quae agmine diviso in duas partes vicissim curam belli et domus custodiam sortiebantur.

Igitur cum Europam maxima e parte domuissent, Asiae vero aliquantis ciuitatibus captis, ipsae autem Ephesum aliasque urbes condidissent, praecipuam exercitus sui partem onustam opulentissima praeda domum revocant, reliquae ad tuendum Asiae imperium relictae cum Marpesia regina concursu hostium trucidantur. Huius locum Sinope filia capessit, quae singularem virtutis gloriam perpetua virginitate cumulavit. Hac fama excitas gentes tanta admiratio et formido invaserat, ut Hercules quoque cum iussus fuisset a domino suo exhibere arma reginae quasi ad inevitabile periculum destinatus, universam Graeciae lectam ac nobilem iuventutem contraxerit, novem longas naves praepararit, nec tamen contentus examine virium ex inproviso adgredi et insperatas circumvenire maluerit.

Duae tunc sorores regno praeerant, Antiope et Orithyia. Hercules mari advectus incautas inermesque et pacis incuria desides oppressit. Inter caesas captasque complurimas duae sorores Antiopae, Melanippe ab Hercule, Hippolyte a Theseo retentae. Sed Theseus Hippolyten matrimonio adscivit, Hercules Melanippen sorori reddidit et arma reginae pretio redemptionis accepit. Post Orithyiam Penthesilea regno potita est, cuius Troiano bello clarissima inter viros documenta virtutis accepimus.

Just Say No: Sinope, Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica V.109-112

Presiding over Assyrian bays was victorious Sinope,

A nymph who outfoxed Jupiter’s seductive charms.

She was unimpressed by her immortal suitors;

Apollo was not alone in being outwitted by the goddess he wooed,

Nor was the river god Halys, either.

 

Assyrios complexa sinus stat opima Sinope,
nympha prius blandosque Iovis quae luserat ignes
caelicolis immota procis: deceptus amatae
fraude deae nec solus Halys nec solus Apollo.

---Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica V.109--112

 

Gaius Valerius Flaccus was a Latin poet who flourished during the Flavian dynasty. Only portions of his epic poem, the Argonautica, have survived.

 

Sinope the Single, Apollonius Rhodes Argonautica 2.948ff

Sinope the Single

Name:  Apollonius of Rhodes Date:    3rd century BCE Region:     Rhodes [modern Greece] Citation:   Argonautica  2. 948 – 954

Then the Argonauts landed in Assyria, where Jupiter ran into

Sinope, the daughter of Asopus, and, being outfoxed,

Granted the nymph her own virginity.

For he wooed her, and in his zeal, vowed that he would give her

Whatever she wished.

And she—clever girl!—asked to be left alone.

She did the same to Apollo, who also wished to hook up with her,

And did the same to the river god Halys, too,

Nor did any man take her into his loving arms.

 

αὐτίκα δ᾽ Ἀσσυρίης ἐπέβαν χθονός, ἔνθα Σινώπην, θυγατέρ᾽ Ἀσωποῖο, καθίσσατο, καί οἱ ὄπασσεν παρθενίην Ζεὺς αὐτός, ὑποσχεσίῃσι δολωθείς. δὴ γὰρ ὁ μὲν φιλότητος ἐέλδετο: νεῦσε δ᾽ ὅγ᾽ αὐτῇ δωσέμεναι, ὅ κεν ᾗσι μετὰ φρεσὶν ἰθύσειεν. ἡ δέ ἑ παρθενίην ᾐτήσατο κερδοσύνῃσιν. ὧς δὲ καὶ Ἀπόλλωνα παρήπαφεν εὐνηθῆναι ἱέμενον, ποταμόν τ᾽ ἐπὶ τοῖς Ἅλυν: οὐδὲ μὲν ἀνδρῶν τήνγε τις ἱμερτῇσιν ἐν ἀγκοίνῃσι δάμασσεν.

Continuo autem Assyriam venerunt in terram, quo Sinopam Asopi filiam collocarat, & ei dederat virginitatem ipse Jupiter pollicitis deceptus. Ille enim amorem petebat, annuebatque ei Illud se daturum, in quod ferretur vehementiore desiderio. Haec autem virginitatem rogavit astutia sua. Similiter etiam Apollini fraudem fecit, concumbere volenti; fluvioque post hos Halyi; nec virorum aliquis hanc inter ulnas amatorias fecerat mulierem. Translated into Latin by John Shaw

Apollonius of Rhodes [3rd century BCE, modern Egypt and Greece] Little is known of this Hellenistic poet, but what is clear is that his surviving epic, the Argonautica, was wildly influential to later epic poets. According to the Suda, he was the Director of the Library of Alexandria [modern Egypt] and was a contemporary of the poet Callimachus.